Introduction to the Nervous System

From the study guide

Course Outline

  1. Nervous System Structure
  2. Neuron Anatomy
  3. Neuron Types
  4. Brain Regions
  5. Functional Brain Areas
  6. Spinal Cord Anatomy
  7. Peripheral Nervous System
  8. Neurotransmitters
  9. Synaptic Transmission
  10. Nervous System Disorders

1. Nervous System Structure

Key Concepts & Definitions

  • Neuron: The basic functional unit of the nervous system; a specialized cell that transmits electrical and chemical signals.
  • Central Nervous System (CNS): Comprises the brain and spinal cord; processes information and coordinates responses.
  • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): All neural elements outside the CNS, including sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to limbs and organs.
  • Myelin Sheath: Insulating layer around axons made of Schwann cells (PNS) or oligodendrocytes (CNS), which increases signal conduction speed.
  • Gray Matter: Regions of the CNS rich in neuron cell bodies, involved in processing and integration.
  • White Matter: Areas of the CNS composed of myelinated axons, responsible for communication between different brain regions and the spinal cord.

Essential Points

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Practice quiz preview

1. What is the term for the part of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord?

2. In neuron anatomy, which part of the neuron contains the nucleus and serves as the central processing unit of the cell?

3. What is the primary role of sensory neurons in the nervous system?

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Flashcard preview

Nervous system divisions?

CNS and PNS

Neuron structure?

Cell body, dendrites, axon, myelin sheath

Neuron types?

Sensory, motor, interneurons

Neuron — definition?

Basic functional unit transmitting signals.

CNS — components?

Brain and spinal cord.

Myelin Sheath — role?

Insulates axons, speeds signals.

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