Biology Fundamentals and Disease Mechanisms

SBI 3C1 Final Exam Sheet

1. 📌 Essentials

• Cells are the basic units of life, composed of organelles like mitochondria and nucleus.
• DNA carries genetic information; genes are segments coding for proteins.
• Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up reactions; by pH and temperature.
• Mitochondria produce ATP via aerobic respiration; known as the cell's powerhouses.
• The cell membrane is a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, controlling substance movement.
• Cell cycle includes G1, S, G2 phases, mitosis (prophase to telophase), and cytokinesis.
• Carbohydrates include monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides; primary energy source.
• Bacterial and viral infections differ in structure, transmission, and treatment; antibiotics target bacteria.
• Human body systems (circulatory, respiratory, digestive) work together to sustain life.
• Cancer involves uncontrolled cell division, leading to tumors and metastasis.
• Flagella are microtubule-based structures aiding cell movement.
• Pedigree analysis helps trace inheritance patterns; symbols denote carriers and affected individuals.
• Algal blooms are rapid algae growth causing oxygen depletion in water bodies.
• Good bacteria aid digestion, immunity, and are part of the microbiome.
• Food absorption mainly occurs in the small intestine via villi.
• Structures like the pharynx, epiglottis, and trachea are vital for respiration.