Utilities — definition?
Infrastructure services provided to consumers.
Potable water supply — role?
Provides safe drinking and hygienic water.
Water entering building — divided?
Into cold water and hot water.
Pipe diameter for domestic?
20 mm for domestic pipes.
Cold water direct system — feature?
Supplies water directly from mains without storage.
Cold water indirect system — advantage?
Provides 12–24 hrs storage during main failure.
Hot water central boiler — use?
Heats water centrally for distribution.
Sanitary appliances — purpose?
Fixtures for hygienic functions in buildings.
Back siphonage prevention — design?
Tap design to prevent foul-water backflow.
Flushing cistern — typical capacity?
9 litres.
Water seal — minimum depth?
50 mm in water closet.
One-pipe system — benefit?
Cheaper, uses fewer pipes.
Two-pipes system — feature?
Requires separate waste and soil stacks.
Incinerator — disposal method?
Burns waste, recovers energy, controls emissions.
Answer 14 questions on Building Utilities and Waste Systems.
1. Which set of services is generally included under utilities in buildings?
2. What is the main purpose of a potable water supply in a building?
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