Fundamentals of Biological and Physical Science

From the study guide

Scientific Principles in Biology: Revision Sheet

1. 📌 Essentials

  • The scientific method involves observation, hypothesis, experimentation, analysis, and conclusion.
  • SI units: meter (m), kilogram (kg), second (s), mole (mol).
  • Atomic structure: protons and neutrons nucleus; electrons orbit.
  • Atomic number = number of protons; defines element.
  • Isotopes differ in neutron count; used in medical imaging.
  • Ionic: transfer electrons; form between metals and nonmetals.
  • Covalent bonds: share electrons; can be polar or nonpolar.
  • Hydrogen bonds: weak attractions stabilizing DNA and proteins.
  • Water's high specific heat (4.18 J/g°C) buffers temperature.
  • pH scale: 0-14, acids <7, neutral =7, bases >7.
  • Buffers: maintain pH stability (e.g., bicarbonate buffer).
  • Organic molecules: carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids.
  • Force = mass × acceleration; work = force × distance.
  • Energy forms: kinetic, potential, chemical.
  • Thermodynamics: energy conservation and entropy increase.

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Practice quiz preview

1. What is the primary purpose of the scientific method in biological research?

2. Which type of chemical bond involves the transfer of electrons between atoms?

3. Why is water's high specific heat important for living organisms?

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Flashcard preview

Atomic structure — components?

Protons, neutrons, electrons

Chemical bonds — types?

Ionic, covalent, hydrogen bonds

Water properties — key feature?

High specific heat and cohesion

Scientific method steps

Observation, hypothesis, experimentation, analysis, conclusion.

SI units for mass and length

Meter (m) and kilogram (kg).

Atomic number — definition?

Number of protons; defines the element.

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