Carbon forms — structures?
Chains and rings of organic molecules
Carbon's unpaired electrons?
Enable four covalent bonds
Carbon bonds with?
Other carbons and atoms like H, O, N
Hydrocarbons — composed of?
Carbon and hydrogen only
Carbon bonds — types?
Single, double, triple
Organic molecules — based on?
Carbon's versatile bonding
Carbohydrates — elements?
C, H, O in 1:2:1 ratio
Lipids — main feature?
Water-insoluble, hydrocarbons
Proteins — monomers?
Amino acids
Nucleic acids — building blocks?
Nucleotides
Functional groups — role?
Determine molecule reactivity
Hydroxyl group?
Makes molecules polar, hydrogen bonds
Carboxyl group?
Acts as acid, releases H+ in solution
Amino group?
Acts as base, accepts H+
Phosphate group?
Involved in energy transfer
Isomers — types?
Structural, geometric, optical
Structural isomers?
Different atom connectivity
Stereoisomers?
Same bonds, different 3D arrangement
Water reactions?
Dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis
Dehydration synthesis?
Removes water to join molecules
Hydrolysis?
Uses water to break bonds
Macromolecules?
Large polymers from monomers (e.g., proteins, DNA)
Answer 11 questions on Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry in Biology.
1. What are functional groups in organic molecules?
2. Which of the following is a monosaccharide, a fundamental carbohydrate unit?
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