Media Literacy and Data Visualisation Practice Quiz (21 questions)

All questions and answers

1. What does framing describe in news communication?

The way a story is constructed to encourage a particular audience interpretation
The physical medium used to carry information between two communicating parties
The information transmitted from a source to an audience through a medium
The audience response produced after receiving and interpreting a news report

The way a story is constructed to encourage a particular audience interpretation

Explanation

Framing concerns how a news story is constructed so that it evokes a particular interpretation or reaction. The message is the information sent, whereas framing refers to the presentation of that information.

2. A report describes the same policy as a “necessary rescue” rather than a “costly intervention.” What aspect of communication is most directly affected by this framing choice?

Which physical channel carries the report to its audience
Whether the report contains information that can be transmitted
How the audience receives and interprets the message
How the sender converts an idea into a communicable code

How the audience receives and interprets the message

Explanation

Framing choices influence how readers or audiences receive a message by encouraging particular interpretations. The channel identifies the medium of transmission, not the effect of wording on reception.

3. What is the central meaning of communication?

Converting an idea into a code for a receiver
Selecting information for publication to a public audience
Making something common by sharing meaning
Transmitting factual content through a technical medium

Making something common by sharing meaning

Explanation

Communication literally involves making something common, which emphasizes the sharing of meaning. Information is the content that may be transmitted, but it is not identical to communication itself.

4. What happens during encoding in a communication process?

A response is returned through a second communication channel
A receiver interprets a message after it reaches the audience
An idea is put into a transmittable language or code
A source selects which events deserve public attention

An idea is put into a transmittable language or code

Explanation

Encoding converts an idea into a language or code that can travel through a channel and be understood by a receiver. Interpreting the received code is decoding, not encoding.

5. Which set contains the main elements of the communication model?

Producer, consumer, technology, market, audience, regulation, profit, and ideology
Author, editor, headline, platform, audience, advertising, genre, and ownership
Source, receiver, message, channel, encoding, decoding, experience, and noise
Speaker, listener, language, context, publication, feedback, persuasion, and censorship

Source, receiver, message, channel, encoding, decoding, experience, and noise

Explanation

The communication model includes a sender or source, receiver or audience, message, channel, encoding, decoding, field of experience, and noise. The other sets combine related media concepts with elements that are not part of this specified model.

6. Which legal instruments guarantee freedom of expression in the United States and Europe?

The Fourteenth Amendment and Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights
The First Amendment and Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights
The Second Amendment and Article 11 of the European Convention on Human Rights
The Fourth Amendment and Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights

The First Amendment and Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights

Explanation

Freedom of expression is guaranteed by the First Amendment to the US Constitution and Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights. The other provisions address different constitutional or human-rights concerns.

7. Who were the muckrakers?

Media executives who selected routine reports for publication in large news organisations
Progressive Era reformists who exposed corruption through sensationalist journalism
Traditional broadcasters whose television and radio services predated the internet
Digital publishers who distributed information through computers and online platforms

Progressive Era reformists who exposed corruption through sensationalist journalism

Explanation

Muckrakers were late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century social reformists who used sensationalist journalism to expose corruption and abuse. Ordinary reporting may inform audiences without having this reformist and investigative purpose.

8. Which example best represents legacy media?

A national newspaper that existed before the internet and social media
A video-sharing platform that distributes user content through online networks
A mobile application that provides personalized news through internet access
A social-media account that publishes updates using a digital platform

A national newspaper that existed before the internet and social media

Explanation

Legacy media are traditional forms such as newspapers, television, and radio that predate the internet and social media. Online platforms and applications are examples of new media because they rely on computers or internet-based distribution.

9. What distinguishes new media from traditional media?

They provide information or entertainment through computers or the internet
They are selected by a small group of editors before reaching an audience
They consist of newspapers and broadcasts that existed before digital networks
They are produced by reformist journalists investigating public corruption

They provide information or entertainment through computers or the internet

Explanation

New media use computers or the internet to provide information or entertainment instead of relying on traditional methods such as newspapers and television. Editorial selection by a small group describes gatekeeping, not the defining feature of new media.

10. What is gatekeeping in a media organisation?

The use of dramatic language to make an event appear more significant to audiences
The production of information and entertainment through internet-based services
The public’s ability to respond to a news report through digital communication tools
Control by a small group of professionals over which stories are published or broadcast

Control by a small group of professionals over which stories are published or broadcast

Explanation

Gatekeeping is the control exercised by a small number of media professionals over the stories selected for publication or broadcast. Producing content through internet services describes new media, while audience responses concern feedback rather than story selection.

11. Which funding pattern best distinguishes public media ownership from private media ownership?

Public media rely on subscriptions, whereas private media use tax funding and donations.
Public media use tax funding, whereas private media rely on subscriptions and advertising.
Public media use investor funding, whereas private media rely on taxes and subscriptions.
Public media rely on advertising, whereas private media use cultural grants and taxes.

Public media use tax funding, whereas private media rely on subscriptions and advertising.

Explanation

Public ownership combines funding through taxes with advertising, while private ownership relies on subscriptions and advertising. The other choices reverse or replace these characteristic funding sources.

12. A broadcaster that prioritises educational and cultural programmes over profit-oriented programming is more closely associated with which ownership model?

Private ownership, because it seeks broader audiences through commercial programming.
Public ownership, because it places greater emphasis on educational or cultural content.
Private ownership, because it is funded through public taxes and cultural grants.
Public ownership, because it focuses on maximising advertising revenue and investor returns.

Public ownership, because it places greater emphasis on educational or cultural content.

Explanation

Public ownership is associated with less commercial programming and more educational or cultural content. The commercial and profit-focused description fits private ownership more closely.

13. How did the concentration of media ownership change between 1983 and 2023?

Control shifted from public institutions to hundreds of independent firms.
Control remained with roughly the same number of companies.
Control shifted from six major companies to around 50 companies.
Control shifted from around 50 companies to six major companies.

Control shifted from around 50 companies to six major companies.

Explanation

Media outlets were controlled by around 50 companies in 1983 but by six companies in 2023. The other choices describe the opposite trend or an unsupported development.

14. What does press freedom mean according to Reporters Without Borders?

Audiences can access news freely when journalists follow commercial and political priorities.
Media owners can select and distribute profitable stories without restrictions from advertisers or investors.
Journalists can select, produce and share news safely without political, economic, legal or social interference.
Governments can regulate news organisations while protecting journalists from public criticism.

Journalists can select, produce and share news safely without political, economic, legal or social interference.

Explanation

RSF defines press freedom as journalists’ ability to select, produce and share news safely without several forms of interference. The other choices permit or prioritise forms of influence that the definition excludes.

15. What is data visualisation?

The calculation of an average from several numerical observations.
The representation of data through graphical forms such as charts and graphs.
The recording of one individual item of data in a table or database.
The written explanation of results without using graphical displays.

The representation of data through graphical forms such as charts and graphs.

Explanation

Data visualisation represents data graphically through forms such as charts and graphs. An individual data item is a datum, while calculations and written explanations are different activities.

16. On a standard graph, where is the Y axis located?

Along the scale used to measure both variables.
On the vertical axis of the graph.
On the horizontal axis of the graph.
At the point where the two axes meet.

On the vertical axis of the graph.

Explanation

The Y axis is the vertical axis, whereas the X axis is horizontal. The origin is where the axes meet, and the scale provides measurement intervals.

17. A chart displays numerical categories with visible gaps between its bars. What type of chart is it?

A line chart, because its values are arranged along an axis.
A pie chart, because each bar represents a proportional category.
A bar chart, because its bars are separated by spaces.
A histogram, because its bars touch across continuous intervals.

A bar chart, because its bars are separated by spaces.

Explanation

Bar charts use separated bars to represent numbers for categories. Histograms use bars without spaces, typically for continuous intervals, so the touching-bar description does not fit a bar chart.

18. Two variables move together over time, but there is no evidence that one produces the other. What relationship does this describe?

Correlation, because it indicates interdependence between two factors.
An unchanged trend, because the variables follow a related pattern.
A proportional chart, because both factors can be displayed visually.
Causation, because movement in one variable proves it produces the other.

Correlation, because it indicates interdependence between two factors.

Explanation

Correlation describes the interdependence or association between two factors without identifying a cause. Causation requires one factor to be established as the cause of another.

19. Which verb most clearly describes a rapid upward movement in a line chart?

Surged, indicating that the value rose quickly.
Levelled off, indicating that the value became stable.
Dipped, indicating that the value decreased slightly.
Declined, indicating that the value moved downward.

Surged, indicating that the value rose quickly.

Explanation

“Surged” is used for a rapid upward trend, alongside expressions such as “shot up” and “rocketed.” “Dipped” and “declined” indicate decreases, while “levelled off” indicates stabilisation.

20. Which expression best describes a rapid downward movement in a chart?

Climbed, indicating that the value increased over time.
Plateaued, indicating that the value remained stable.
Plummeted, indicating that the value fell very quickly.
Grew, indicating that the value moved upward.

Plummeted, indicating that the value fell very quickly.

Explanation

“Plummeted” describes a rapid downward trend, together with terms such as “sank” and “plunged.” The other expressions describe upward movement or a stable trend.

21. Which practice follows the recommended approach for presenting data in a pie chart?

Use many similarly sized slices, apply a 3D effect, and rely on a default legend.
Use equal-sized slices, hide labels, and emphasise visual effects over readability.
Use proportional data, limit slices, begin at 12 o’clock, and label slices directly.
Arrange slices randomly, begin at the bottom, and use non-proportional values.

Use proportional data, limit slices, begin at 12 o’clock, and label slices directly.

Explanation

Recommended pie-chart design includes proportional data, a limited number of slices, a 12 o’clock starting point, ordered slices, and direct labels. The other choices introduce practices that reduce clarity or misrepresent proportions.

Study with flashcards

Lock in the answers with 43 flashcards on Media Literacy and Data Visualisation.

What is framing in news stories?

The way news stories are constructed to evoke a particular interpretation or reaction.

How do framing choices affect messages?

They affect how a message is received by readers or audiences.

What does communication mean?

Making something common.

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