What is framing in news stories?
The way news stories are constructed to evoke a particular interpretation or reaction.
How do framing choices affect messages?
They affect how a message is received by readers or audiences.
What does communication mean?
Making something common.
What is encoding in communication?
Putting an idea into a language or code for transmission and understanding.
What elements does the communication model include?
Sender, receiver, message, channel, encoding, decoding, field of experience, and noise.
Which legal texts guarantee freedom of expression?
The First Amendment to the US Constitution and Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights.
Who were the Muckrakers in the Progressive Era?
Social reformists exposing corruption through sensationalist journalism.
What defines legacy media?
Traditional media like television, radio, and newspapers before the internet.
What characterizes new media?
Information or entertainment via computers or the internet instead of traditional methods.
What is gatekeeping in media?
Control by few professionals over which stories get published or broadcast.
Why might stories be selected by gatekeepers?
Because they are important, fit editorial lines, interest audiences, attract attention, offer exclusives, are close geographically/emotionally, respond to politics, or support ads.
How is public media ownership funded compared to private ownership?
Public media is funded by taxes and advertising, private by subscriptions and advertising.
What type of content is public media ownership associated with?
Less commercial and more educational or cultural content.
What type of content is private media ownership associated with?
Profit-oriented programming and more commercial content.
How many companies controlled media outlets in 1983 versus 2023?
Around 50 companies in 1983 and six companies in 2023.
Name the six companies controlling media outlets in 2023.
Comcast, Disney, AT&T, Paramount, Sony, and Fox.
How does propaganda operate in democracies?
Subtly without official state censorship.
According to RSF, what is press freedom?
Journalists' freedom to select, produce, and share news safely without interference.
What does data visualisation represent using graphical forms?
Data.
Which axis on a graph is horizontal?
The X axis.
What is the origin on a graph?
The point where the X and Y axes meet.
What is the purpose of axis labels on a graph?
To identify the variables represented by each axis.
How do bars differ between a bar chart and a histogram?
Bar chart bars are separated; histogram bars are not spaced.
Which chart type uses bars that are not spaced apart?
A histogram.
What is the difference between correlation and causation?
Correlation is interdependence; causation means one factor causes another.
Which words describe rapid upward trends in data?
Jumped up to, shot up, surged, and rocketed.
Which words describe rapid downward trends in data?
Sank, plunged, and plummeted.
What are key rules for pie chart design?
Use proportional data, limit slices, start at 12 o’clock, sort slices, avoid 3D effects, use direct labels.
Which linguistic elements can framing involve?
Personal pronouns, modal verbs, word choice, metaphorical fields, and agency.
What is an example of metaphorical framing?
Using the lexical field of “war” and “battle” for political or economic issues.
What is the plural of medium referring to a tool?
Media.
How is the word 'media' used grammatically?
Both 'the media are' and 'the media is' are used.
When does a feedback loop occur in communication?
When the receiver answers and encodes their own message.
What does Doris Graber argue about new transmission channels?
They can enable citizens to engage in real conversations rather than just receive lessons.
How many people decide final news selection in large media organizations?
Fewer than twenty-five people.
Who can act as gatekeepers in media?
Reporters, editors, web editors, TV executives, and wire service reporters.
What percentage of gatekeepers are women?
22%.
Why do private media seek larger audiences?
Larger audiences allow higher advertising prices.
Name three types of charts listed as data visualisation sources.
Pie, bar, and line charts.
What does the course state about correlation and causation?
Correlation does imply causation.
How can unchanged trends be described?
Stayed the same, remained constant, steady, stable, levelled off, was unchanged, did not change, plateaued.
How can graphs describe low and high points?
Low points have bottomed out or reached a low; high points have reached a peak or peaked.
What terms describe variation in graphs?
Fluctuated, zig-zagged, fluttered, and undulated.
Answer 21 questions on Media Literacy and Data Visualisation.
1. What does framing describe in news communication?
2. A report describes the same policy as a “necessary rescue” rather than a “costly intervention.” What aspect of communication is most directly affected by this framing choice?
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