Two distinct judicial systems due to federalism: The United States has separate court systems—50 independent state court systems and the federal court system—each with its own jurisdiction and authority.
Two main categories of cases: Cases are classified as either Criminal cases, involving violations of law punishable by the state or federal government, or Civil cases, involving disputes between individuals or organizations over rights, contracts, or property.
General pattern of state courts: According to Richard S. Katz (2007), state courts typically follow a four-tier structure:
1. What is the composition of the U.S. Supreme Court?
2. Who described the structure of state courts in 2007?
3. What is the primary role of federal courts in the United States judicial system?
Judicial System — structure?
Separate state and federal court systems.
State courts — hierarchy?
Minor trial, major trial, appellate, supreme.
Federal courts — levels?
District, circuit, Supreme Court.
Jurisdiction — definition?
Authority to hear and decide cases.
Supreme Court — justices?
1 Chief Justice, 8 Associate Justices.
Judicial appointment — process?
Presidential nomination, Senate ratification.
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