1. How would Clisthène's reform of selecting Boule members by lot from each tribe be applied to ensure equal political participation in Athens?
2. What are the key characteristics of public offices in Athenian direct democracy that ensured broad citizen participation?
3. How would a wealthy young Athenian best prepare to effectively participate in political debates at the Pnyx?
Origins of Athenian democracy — reforms?
Clisthène's reforms introduced tribes and selection by lot.
Citizen participation mechanisms — examples?
Voting, speaking, holding magistracies, and debating in assemblies.
Role of rhetoric — importance?
Central to debates, persuasion, and democratic expression.
Excluded groups in Athens — who?
Women, metics, and slaves.
Philosophical reflections — key idea?
Enlightenment emphasized liberty, equality, and popular sovereignty.
French early 19th-century suffrage — system?
Limited to property-owning elites (censitaire).
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