How did the Great Depression of 1873–1895 affect European domestic markets?
It narrowed domestic markets and made surplus production and capital difficult to sell.
Which colonial powers demanded a new division of the colonies?
Germany and Italy.
When did the Triple Entente link France and Britain?
April 1904.
Which country joined the Triple Entente in 1907?
Russia.
What event immediately caused the First World War?
The assassination of Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914.
When did Austria-Hungary declare war on Serbia?
28 July 1914.
What turned the Austro-Serbian conflict into a general war?
The alliance system.
Which alliance won the war that lasted from 1914 to 1918?
The Entente.
How many deaths and wounded did the war cause?
About 9 million deaths and 17 million wounded.
By what percentages did European agricultural and industrial production fall?
Agricultural production fell by 20%, and industrial production by 30%.
What financial role did the United States hold by the war's end?
It held half the world's gold reserves.
What peace program did Woodrow Wilson propose at the Paris Peace Conference?
A program of 14 points for lasting peace.
In which month and year was the Treaty of Versailles imposed on Germany?
June 1919.
What territorial and population losses did the Treaty of Versailles impose on Germany?
Germany lost its colonies and areas of influence, 15% of its territory, and one-seventh of its population.
Which empires did the First World War dissolve?
The Russian, Ottoman, German, and Austro-Hungarian empires.
Which new national states emerged after the First World War?
Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia emerged.
Which Arab East territories did Britain receive as mandates?
Iraq, Jordan, and Palestine.
What made the postwar peace settlement fragile?
It left minorities within new states.
What was the League of Nations created to preserve?
World peace and self-determination.
What did the League of Nations approve over the Arab East and former German colonies?
Mandates.
What did Germany’s Weltpolitik under William II seek to advance?
German interests through economic policy backed by force.
In which year did the Fashoda Crisis break out?
1898.
Which countries’ interests intersected in Sudan during the Fashoda Crisis?
France and Britain.
Which Moroccan crises followed Germany’s interventions in Morocco?
The Tangier Crisis of 1905 and the Agadir Crisis of 1911.
What did France concede to Germany to help clear the way for French control of Morocco?
Part of the Congo.
What was the Triple Alliance intended to prevent France from recovering?
Alsace-Lorraine.
Which country’s expansionist ambitions did the Triple Alliance oppose?
Russia’s.
What did France extend from two years to three amid alliance rivalry?
Military service.
What rivalry contributed to the Balkan Wars of 1912 and 1913?
Rivalry over the Ottoman Empire’s European territories.
What political aims did the Bosnian Serb assassin’s act reflect?
South Slav independence from Austria-Hungary and union with Serbia.
Which great powers supported or opposed South Slav aspirations, respectively?
Russia supported them, while Germany opposed them.
Which powers joined the Central Powers, and which joined the Entente?
The Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers; Japan, Greece, and the United States joined the Entente.
When did Italy join the Entente, and what did it receive in return?
Italy joined in 1915 in return for territorial promises.
How many deaths did Europe suffer?
About 8 million.
Which population groups grew proportionally after the war losses?
Women and elderly people.
How did the war losses affect the active population's proportion?
It reduced the proportion of the active population.
How did Europe repay reconstruction debts borrowed from the United States?
It used inflation, weakening European currencies.
Which countries benefited as their goods replaced European products in world markets?
Japan, Argentina, Canada, and Brazil.
How did France, Britain, and Italy differ in their aims concerning Germany and Austria?
France sought to weaken Germany, Britain feared upsetting Europe’s balance, and Italy expected territorial gains from Austria.
What military restrictions did the Treaty of Versailles impose on Germany?
It limited Germany’s armed forces to 100,000 men, demilitarized the Rhineland, and abolished conscription.
Which treaty was concluded with Austria in October 1919?
The Treaty of Saint-Germain.
What did the Treaty of Sèvres assign to British and French mandates?
Arab territories.
How did Poland gain access to the Baltic Sea?
Through a corridor separating East Prussia from the rest of Germany.
Which population did Czechoslovakia include in the Sudetenland?
Three million Germans.
When was the Sykes–Picot Agreement made?
May 1916.
What agreement did France, Britain, and Russia make in May 1916?
A secret agreement to divide Ottoman provinces in the Arab East after the war.
What does “Diktat” mean in the context of the Treaty of Versailles?
An imposed peace.
When did the two Balkan Wars occur?
In 1912 and 1913.
Which countries formed the Triple Entente?
France, Britain, and Tsarist Russia.
When did the United States join the Triple Entente?
In April 1917.
Why did Italy leave the Triple Alliance in 1915?
It signed the secret Treaty of London and joined the Entente.
When did Woodrow Wilson present his Fourteen Points as a basis for peace?
At the 1919 Paris Peace Conference.
When was the Dual Alliance formed between Germany and Austria-Hungary?
October 1879.
On what date did the Paris Peace Conference open?
18 January 1919.
Answer 16 questions on The First World War.
1. A prolonged contraction narrows domestic markets and leaves surplus goods and capital difficult to sell. Which propositions describe the resulting pressures and rivalry?
2. A student compares prewar military changes and Ottoman-related conflicts. Which conclusions are accurate?
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