Principles of Cell Signaling
Signals act over various distances, producing diverse responses.
Extracellular Signal Types
Includes hormones, local mediators, neurotransmitters, contact molecules.
Signals — act over long or short range?
Can diffuse locally or over large distances
Limited signals — diverse responses?
Yes, depend on cell type and pathways
Fast vs slow responses — difference?
Fast: milliseconds; Slow: hours
Cell surface receptors — role?
Detect signals, activate intracellular pathways
Signaling proteins — function?
Act as molecular switches via GTP/GDP binding
Feedback regulation — purpose?
Adjust signal strength and duration
G protein-coupled receptors — example?
A major receptor class that activates G proteins
Answer 8 questions on Cell Signaling Fundamentals.
1. How do G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and enzyme-coupled receptors differ in their mechanisms of initiating intracellular signaling?
2. Which of the following best describes the chemical nature of extracellular signaling molecules?
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