Energy — definition?
Capacity to do work.
Entropy — measure?
Molecular disorder or randomness.
Thermodynamics — study of?
Energy transformations in matter.
Bioenergetics — focus?
Energy flow in living organisms.
Enthalpy (ΔH) — reflects?
Total heat content of a system.
Energy exchange — occurs via?
Heat (q) or work (w).
Gibbs free energy (ΔG) — indicates?
Reaction spontaneity at constant T and P.
ΔG < 0 — reaction?
Spontaneous, exergonic.
ΔG > 0 — reaction?
Nonspontaneous, endergonic.
Reaction at equilibrium — ΔG?
Zero, no net change.
Reaction coupling — purpose?
Drive unfavorable reactions forward.
ATP hydrolysis — ΔG°′?
Approximately -7.3 kcal/mol.
ATP — role?
Main energy currency of the cell.
Redox reactions — involve?
Electron transfer between molecules.
NADH — function?
Carries electrons for energy production.
Phosphoryl transfer — key?
Transfers phosphate groups to molecules.
Reaction spontaneity — depends on?
Sign of ΔG and Keq.
Energy transfer molecules — examples?
NADH, NADPH, FADH2.
Answer 9 questions on Fundamentals of Bioenergetics.
1. What are energy and entropy in the context of thermodynamics and biochemistry?
2. According to McKee and McKee (2020), what is the approximate standard free energy change (ΔG°′) for ATP hydrolysis under physiological conditions?
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