DNA double helix — structure?
Two strands wound in a spiral.
DNA packaging — process?
DNA wraps around histones to form chromosomes.
3‘- and 5‘- ends — orientation?
Determine DNA strand directionality and replication.
Nucleotides — basic units?
Sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base.
DNA bases — four types?
A, T, C, G.
Sugar in DNA — component?
Deoxyribose.
DNA replication — timing?
During S phase of cell cycle.
Replication — mechanism?
Bidirectional, semiconservative.
Key enzymes in replication?
Helicase, DNA polymerase, ligase.
Leading strand — synthesis?
Continuous in 5’ to 3’ direction.
Lagging strand — synthesis?
Discontinuous, in Okazaki fragments.
Transcription — process?
DNA to mRNA in nucleus.
Location of transcription?
Nucleus in eukaryotic cells.
DNA vs RNA — sugar?
DNA: deoxyribose; RNA: ribose.
DNA vs RNA — bases?
DNA: T; RNA: U replaces T.
Transcription of codogenic strand — role?
Produces mRNA complementary to template strand.
Translation — location?
Cytoplasm at ribosome.
tRNA — role?
Carries amino acids, recognizes mRNA codons.
Genetic code — universality?
Shared across nearly all organisms.
Genetic code — redundancy?
Multiple codons encode same amino acid.
Answer 10 questions on Genetic Processes and Molecular Structures.
1. What is the structural form of DNA as described by Watson and Crick?
2. How many different nucleotides are found in DNA?
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