Atomic nucleus — composition?
Protons and neutrons
Electrons — location?
Orbiting the nucleus in shells
Atomic number — role?
Defines the element
Mass number — total?
Protons plus neutrons
Isotopes — difference?
Different neutrons, same element
Periodic table — organization?
By increasing atomic number
Group 1 elements — reactivity?
Highly reactive, alkali metals
Group 7 elements — example?
Halogens, e.g., chlorine
Ionic bonding — mechanism?
Transfer of electrons between metal and non-metal
Covalent bonding — sharing?
Electron pairs between non-metals
Metallic bond — characteristic?
Delocalized electrons, conductivity
Simple molecular substances — example?
Water, CO₂
Giant covalent structure — example?
Diamond, graphite
Properties of ionic compounds?
High melting point, brittle, conduct when molten
Reaction rate — definition?
Speed of reactant to product conversion
Activation energy — role?
Minimum energy for reaction to occur
Factors increasing reaction rate?
Temperature, concentration, catalysts
Organic compounds — basis?
Carbon-based molecules
Hydrocarbon — contains?
Carbon and hydrogen
Isomerism — meaning?
Same formula, different structure
Cracking — purpose?
Break down large hydrocarbons
Chemical change — sign?
New substances formed, energy transfer
Exothermic — energy?
Releases heat
Endothermic — energy?
Absorbs heat
Atomic nucleus — composition?
Protons and neutrons in the nucleus
Electrons — location?
Orbiting the nucleus in energy levels
Atomic number — role?
Defines the element, number of protons
Mass number — what?
Protons plus neutrons in nucleus
Isotopes — difference?
Same element, different neutrons
Periodic table — organizes?
Elements by increasing atomic number
Group — same?
Similar chemical properties, same outer electrons
Period — features?
Same number of electron shells
Ionic bond — formed?
Between metals and non-metals
Covalent bond — mechanism?
Atoms share electron pairs
Metallic bond — property?
Delocalized electrons, conducts electricity
Simple molecular substances — example?
Water, oxygen, low melting points
Giant covalent structures — example?
Diamond, graphite, high melting points
Energy change in exothermic?
Releases heat to surroundings
Reaction rate — affected by?
Temperature, concentration, surface area, catalysts
Catalyst — role?
Speeds up reaction, unchanged at end
Organic compounds — contain?
Carbon, hydrogen, possibly other elements
Hydrocarbons — types?
Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes
Isomerism — what?
Same molecular formula, different structures
Cracking — purpose?
Breaks large hydrocarbons into smaller ones
Qualitative analysis — determines?
Presence of substances in a sample
Quantitative analysis — measures?
Amount or concentration of substances
Greenhouse gases — examples?
CO₂, methane, water vapor
Photochemical reactions — involve?
Sunlight-driven reactions, e.g., ozone formation
Answer 24 questions on Foundations of Chemistry: Principles and Applications.
1. What is an atom?
2. What is the atomic number of oxygen?
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