What does analytical self-knowledge explain or predict about a person?
A person’s preferences or behaviours.
What does experiential self-knowledge describe about a person’s inner experience?
How sensations, emotions, and thoughts interact.
What does construct validity assess about a test?
Whether it measures the construct it claims to measure.
What does internal consistency assess about items within one dimension?
Whether they are correlated with one another.
What does predictive validity assess about a measure?
Whether it predicts an outcome.
What does test-retest reliability assess across time?
Whether people obtain consistent results.
Which five dimensions comprise the Big Five model?
Extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and emotional stability.
How well do Big Five tests such as the NEO-PI-R generalise across cultures?
They generalise well across cultures.
Which traits predicted job performance in Barrick, Mount, and Judge (2001)?
Conscientiousness and emotional stability, and possibly extraversion and agreeableness.
Which work reported a 15-meta-analysis synthesis of personality and job performance?
Barrick, M. R., Mount, M. K., & Judge, T. A., Personality and performance at the beginning of the new millennium: What do we know and where do we go next?, 2001.
Which study reported that personality rank-order stability plateaus in early adulthood?
Bleidorn, W., Schwaba, T., Zheng, A., Hopwood, C. J., Sosa, S. S., Roberts, B., *Personality stability and change: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies*, 2022.
How does personality rank-order stability change from early childhood to early adulthood?
It increases substantially throughout early childhood before plateauing in early adulthood.
Which three elements does the course describe as involved in personality?
Motivations, skills, and opportunities.
What state can arise when motivations, skills, and opportunities are present?
Openness to experience.
What contributes to a high openness-to-experience trait?
Frequently repeated states of openness to experience.
What must happen to new skills to support behavioural change?
They must become habits through practical opportunities to use the new behaviour.
What principle underlies career assessment results?
Person-environment fit.
What does a percentile show about a person's score?
Its position compared with a standard population.
Which three assessments are discussed in interpreting career assessment results?
The Big Five, RIASEC professional interests, and work values based on Schwartz values.
How does the course describe self-knowledge’s relevance to career exploration?
It helps people understand their personal strengths and interests.
Who is associated with the lexical hypothesis, and in what year?
Galton, 1884.
Which term did Allport first use in 1937?
Personality traits.
Which researchers found five personality factors, and when?
Fiske (1949) and Tupes and Christal (1961).
Which model did Lee and Ashton present as an alternative to the Big Five in 2004?
The HEXACO six-factor model.
Which personality structure did the 2013 Tsimane study favor over strong, consistent Big Five support?
A Big Two structure oriented around prosociality and industriousness.
Which traits are strong predictors of well-being according to Barrick, Mount, and Judge (2001)?
Emotional stability, extraversion, and conscientiousness.
Which work identified personality traits as strong predictors of well-being?
Barrick, M. R., Mount, M. K., & Judge, T. A., Personality and performance at the beginning of the new millennium: What do we know and where do we go next?, 2001.
Which Big Five traits are associated with proenvironmental attitudes and behaviors?
Extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and emotional stability.
Which 2020 meta-analysis examined Big Five and HEXACO traits alongside proenvironmental attitudes and behaviors?
Soutter, A. R. B., Bates, T. C., & Mõttus, R., Big Five and HEXACO personality traits, proenvironmental attitudes, and behaviors: A meta-analysis, 2020.
How do personality facets affect prediction compared with broad traits alone?
Measuring facets increases predictive power.
What criteria do psychometric tests use to assess personality traits?
Validity and reliability.
Which study examined people’s desire to change their personality across methods?
Miller, T. J., *Assessing the desire to change personality across methods*, 2022.
Which group is particularly motivated to change their personality?
Young people.
Which study examined the trait-specificity of personality change goals?
Thielmann, I., & De Vries, R. E., *Who wants to change and how? On the trait-specificity of personality change goals*, 2021.
What can personality change goals be specific to?
Particular traits.
Which skills are presented as underlying personality traits?
Social, emotional, and behavioural skills.
Who authored the 2022 BESSI framework on social, emotional, and behavioral skills?
Soto, C. J., Napolitano, C. M., Sewell, M. N., Yoon, H. J., & Roberts, B. W.
What does social desirability imply about less socially desirable personality traits?
They are not necessarily useless or without reason to exist.
How many traits did Cattell’s factor analyses yield?
16 traits.
Answer 18 questions on Self-Knowledge, Personality, and Careers.
1. A career adviser uses a person’s stated preferences to explain why they choose certain jobs, while the person describes how excitement, anxiety, and bodily sensations combine during interviews. Which classification best fits these two forms of self-knowledge, respectively?
2. A student is exploring career options and wants to use self-knowledge in a way emphasized in the course. Which information would be most directly useful for that purpose?
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