What does progress-focused feedback enhance, according to Bandura, 1997?
Self-efficacy and perseverance.
What reasons and standards define goal orientations?
Reasons for pursuing goals and standards for evaluating progress.
Which source identifies mastery and performance goal orientations?
Urdan & Kaplan, 2020.
Which 2016 study found progress feedback improved third-graders’ writing fluency beyond goal setting alone?
Koenig et al., 2016.
What do expectancy × value theories identify as the basis of motivation?
Expectancy of reaching a goal and the value placed on it.
What does a student’s expectancy for success describe?
Their belief about how well they will perform on an upcoming task.
What do attribution theories explain about motivation and emotions?
People’s explanations, justifications, and excuses influence their motivation and emotions.
Which three dimensions classify attributions of success and failure?
Locus, stability, and controllability.
What belief defines a fixed mindset about abilities?
Abilities are stable, uncontrollable, and set traits.
What belief defines a growth mindset about abilities?
Abilities are unstable, controllable, and improvable.
Answer 10 questions on Strategies to Motivate Learning.
1. A student has completed 30% of a project goal. Which feedback is most likely to support the student’s self-efficacy and perseverance?
2. In a class project, Maya believes she can succeed only if her classmates succeed too. Which goal structure describes her belief?
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