What does constructivism emphasize about learners and understanding?
Learners actively build understanding and make sense of information.
Which source, cited as 2014, describes constructivist agreement about active learning and social interaction?
Chi & Wylie, 2014.
What does cognitive constructivism emphasize about learning?
How individuals build understanding.
How does the combined view explain knowledge construction?
Through social interaction and experience.
What does situated learning say about applying knowledge in new settings?
Knowledge and skills are tied to where they were learned and may be difficult to apply elsewhere.
How do constructivist learners develop mental models?
They build and revise models to interpret experience, testing them against experience and others’ understandings.
Which author and year are cited for five recommended constructivist learning conditions?
Driscoll, 2005.
According to Muhonen et al., 2016, what does scaffolding help students develop?
Meaning-making, independent thinking, and expertise.
What does motivational scaffolding support, compared with cognitive scaffolding?
Engagement, attention, self-efficacy, and emotion management.
What does cognitive scaffolding directly support, compared with motivational scaffolding?
Students’ understanding and skill development.
According to Radford et al., 2015, what does fading do in cognitive scaffolding?
It gradually withdraws support.
What is an advance organizer?
Introductory material broad enough to encompass and help organize upcoming information.
How do comparative and expository organizers differ, according to Mayer (1984)?
Comparative organizers activate existing schemas; expository organizers provide needed new knowledge.
When can advance organizers scaffold learning effectively?
When students understand them and they clearly show relationships among concepts and terms.
Which teacher practice most often supports student sensemaking across grades, according to Fitzgerald and Palincsar (2019)?
Deep questions that generate productive discussion.
What is inquiry learning?
A teacher presents a puzzling situation or question for students to investigate, gather data, and test conclusions.
What sequence typically follows a puzzling event in an inquiry scenario?
Students form hypotheses, investigate and test them, draw conclusions, and reflect on the problem and their thinking.
Which inquiry activities produced the strongest learning impact in Furtak and her colleagues’ 2012 review?
Activities including epistemic work or a combination of epistemic, procedural, and social activities.
Who reported the strongest learning impact from epistemic inquiry activities in 2012?
Furtak and her colleagues.
What does effective inquiry learning require from teachers?
Teacher guidance and scaffolding.
What do students collaborate on in problem-based learning?
A real-world, ill-structured problem with no single correct solution.
Which author and year are cited for the problem-based learning process?
Hmelo-Silver, 2003.
Which source is cited for the teacher’s role in problem-based learning?
Arends & Kilcher, 2010.
Which authors and year are associated with mixed findings on inquiry and problem-based learning?
Hung et al., 2019.
Which outcomes did Cindy Hmelo-Silver (2004) find problem-based learning supports with good evidence?
Flexible knowledge, problem-solving skills, and self-directed learning.
Which three features does Alfieri et al. (2011) recommend for optimal inquiry tasks?
Guided tasks with scaffolding, idea explanations with timely accuracy feedback, or worked examples.
What is a cognitive apprenticeship?
A relationship in which a less experienced learner acquires knowledge and skills under an expert's guidance.
Which 1996 author described collaboration as a philosophy that respects differences and shares authority?
Panitz.
Which 2003 author defined cooperation as working together toward a shared goal?
Gillies.
What is cooperative learning?
Group activities where members support one another’s learning through elaboration, interpretation, explanation, and argumentation.
Who defined formal cooperative learning in 2009a?
David and Roger Johnson.
What five elements characterize true cooperative groups?
Positive interdependence, promotive interaction, individual accountability, collaborative and social skills, and group processing.
What characterizes ill-structured tasks and the interaction they benefit from?
They have multiple answers and unclear procedures, and benefit from rich interaction.
Why do elaborated explanations help the explainer learn?
They require organizing and paraphrasing ideas, giving examples or analogies, and testing understanding.
Which group sizes suit review and practice, and which suit discussion and problem solving?
Groups of 4–6 suit review and practice; groups of 2–4 suit discussion and problem solving.
What should teachers consider when forming heterogeneous groups?
Students’ personalities, abilities, backgrounds, and special skills.
Which author and years are associated with reciprocal questioning?
King, 1990, 1994, 2002.
Which author and year are associated with the Jigsaw classroom?
Aronson, 2000.
How do Jigsaw II students begin working with assigned material?
They meet in expert groups to understand the material and plan how to teach it.
Which source is associated with constructive or structured controversy?
Johnson & Johnson, 2009b.
Which source describes the four-person structured controversy process?
D. W. Johnson and R. Johnson, 2009b.
What group sizes and membership are recommended for social-skills and team-building goals?
Groups of 2 to 5 with common-interest, mixed, or random membership.
What does radical constructivism claim about each individual’s knowledge?
It is individually constructed and cannot be judged right or wrong.
What does appropriating mean in learning?
Internalizing knowledge and skills developed through interaction or cultural tools.
When can a child master a task in the zone of proximal development?
With appropriate help from a more capable person.
Which scholar is associated with the internal-source view of learning?
Piaget.
What social role does a community of practice play in judging ideas?
It is a context in which ideas are judged useful or true.
How do novices progress toward independence in situated learning?
They learn through expert-guided apprenticeship, gradually taking on more responsibility.
How does enculturation shape a person’s identity within a community?
It forms identity through adopting the community’s norms, behaviors, skills, beliefs, language, and attitudes.
In situated learning, what does learning enable people to do?
Participate more fully in community practices and use its tools.
What fields does learning sciences draw on to study learning and learning environments?
Psychology, education, computer science, philosophy, sociology, anthropology, neuroscience, and other fields.
According to Radford et al., 2015, what can motivational scaffolding help students manage?
Frustration.
Which students may particularly benefit from motivational scaffolding, according to Radford et al., 2015?
Students with learning challenges.
What did Emily Fyfe and her colleagues, 2015, find about concrete-to-abstract math instruction?
Moving from concrete puppet representations to abstract equations improved learning, including for students with greater prior math knowledge.
How do advance organizers guide students’ attention and connect new material to prior knowledge?
They highlight important material, relationships among ideas, and relevant prior knowledge.
Which formats can be especially effective advance organizers?
Concrete models, diagrams, concept maps, charts, timelines, and analogies.
What should teachers ensure before students reason about principles, arguments, and evidence, according to Pashler et al. (2007)?
Students have the basic facts and knowledge needed for deep thinking.
How can teachers enrich student discussion, according to Wei et al. (2018)?
Ask for clarification, highlight argument strengths, model target strategies, and check understanding.
Which source identifies metacognitive, conceptual, and social teacher support in inquiry learning?
Dobber et al., 2017.
Which author and year are cited for the concept of inert knowledge?
Whitehead, 1929.
How do project-based learning projects differ from problem-based learning problems?
They last longer and may involve multiple problems.
Which work did Kirschner and colleagues publish in 2006?
Why minimal guidance during instruction does not work. An analysis of the failure of constructivist, discovery, problem-based, experiential.
Which authors and year are associated with a review of 108 studies on discovery learning?
Alfieri and his colleagues, 2011.
Which outcomes did problem-based learning improve in K–8 science, according to Merritt et al., 2017?
Science achievement and conceptual development.
How much learning did second-graders gain from project-based social studies and literacy, according to Duke et al., 2021?
More than five months compared with peers in traditional formats.
Which group benefited especially from inquiry-based materials, according to Geier et al., 2008?
African American boys.
Which students benefited from feedback during mathematics problem solving, according to Fyfe et al., 2012?
Students with little prior knowledge.
What is participatory appropriation, according to Rogoff, 1995, 1998?
Acquiring knowledge, skills, and values involved in real tasks through guided participation.
Which 2014 authors defined group work as people completing an assigned learning task together?
Cohen and Lotan.
What can poorly planned and monitored group learning reinforce?
Misconceptions, conformity, superficial answers, and status inequalities.
Which risks of group learning did McCaslin and Good identify in 1996?
Prioritizing speed or socializing, depending on a possibly incorrect expert, status differences, and loafing or lost confidence.
How do information-processing theories explain cooperative learning?
Through rehearsal, elaboration, organization, connection-making, and review.
What does Piagetian theory emphasize in cooperative learning?
Cognitive conflict.
Which authors defined co-regulated learning in 2018?
Hadwin et al.
Which learning approach outperformed direct instruction in the wolf-management study?
Collaborative learning.
Which structured technique uses teams of four competing through improvement?
STAD.
How can group roles support social-skills or intergroup-understanding goals?
Assigning and rotating roles supports communication and distributes leadership opportunities.
What did Tenenbaum et al. (2020) find about group size and learning in interactive peer activities?
A meta-analysis of 71 studies found no relationship.
What participation rule can distribute discussion time fairly?
No person speaks twice until each person has spoken once.
What qualities should group members have when peers are often rejected?
They should be patient, kind, and nonreactive.
What did Murphy et al. (2017) find about heterogeneous grouping and reading comprehension?
Heterogeneous grouping improved fourth- and fifth-grade performance over homogeneous ability grouping in one study.
How should cooperative-learning roles be assigned and rotated?
Teach students how to enact roles and rotate them equitably.
Which report-out listening roles promote dialogue and conceptual understanding, according to Palincsar and Herrenkohl (2002)?
Predicting and theorizing, summarizing results, and relating predictions and theories to results.
What materials and procedures does reciprocal questioning require?
No special materials or testing procedures.
What does reciprocal questioning encourage more than traditional discussion groups?
Deeper thinking and connections between lesson content and prior knowledge or experience.
Which source is associated with emphasizing that all Jigsaw members learn all material?
Roseth et al., 2019.
What role-assignment principle applies across cooperative-learning goals?
Match role assignments to the goal.
What can the teacher’s role be for social-skills goals?
Model and encourager.
What should teachers monitor during social-skills group work?
Listening, turn-taking, encouragement, and conflict management.
Which simple method suits paired practice for cooperative learning?
Paired quizzing.
Why may cooperative learning be a poor choice for students with learning disabilities studying difficult concepts?
It may cause frustration and social rejection.
Which challenges may advanced students face in mixed-ability cooperative groups, according to Smith, 2006?
The pace may be too slow, tasks too simple, and repetition excessive.
Which author and year are cited for challenges advanced students face in mixed-ability groups?
Smith, 2006.
Which learned skills can transfer to completing income taxes?
Reading and calculation skills.
How many studies did Furtak and colleagues analyze, and what years did they cover?
They analyzed 37 studies conducted from 1996 to 2006.
Which researchers analyzed inquiry studies against traditional science teaching in 2012?
Furtak and colleagues.
Answer 63 questions on Cooperative and Digital Learning.
1. A teacher asks students to interpret new information by connecting it to their existing ideas and building their own understanding. Which perspective best describes this emphasis?
2. Which pair of ideas do most constructivist perspectives share?
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