How should classroom materials be stored and positioned for student use?
Visible, easy to reach, on enough shelves, and near where students use them.
What workspace layout should learning spaces avoid?
Crowded workspaces, dead spaces, and racetracks.
How should learning spaces support classroom visibility without furniture rearrangement?
Teachers should see students, and students should see instruction.
What should teachers assess about classroom visuals and accessibility?
Whether visuals represent students’ cultures and languages and whether students with disabilities can access shelves, workspaces, and computers.
Which source is cited for effective classroom-management practices in elementary schools?
Emmer & Evertson, 2017.
How should effective elementary teachers begin the first day?
With a carefully organized day, prepared materials and activities, and attention to students’ immediate practical concerns.
Which source is cited for teaching elementary classroom rules and procedures?
Emmer & Evertson, 2017.
How should elementary teachers teach workable rules and everyday procedures?
Through explanation, examples, and practice.
Which source is cited for characteristics of poorly managed elementary classrooms?
Emmer & Evertson, 2017.
Which authors and year are associated with first-day rule enforcement and close monitoring?
Emmer & Evertson, 2017.
How does teacher supervision relate to student engagement?
Student engagement tends to increase as teacher supervision increases.
Which source is associated with supporting students’ management of their own work?
Emmer & Evertson, 2017.
What did Jacob Kounin’s 1970 study find effective managers did better?
Preventing problems.
What does Kounin mean by withitness?
Communicating awareness of everything happening in the classroom.
What does Kounin mean by group focus?
Keeping as many students as possible involved in appropriate activities.
Which outcomes are associated with positive teacher-student relationships, according to Meyer & L. Anderman, in press?
Classroom engagement, academic achievement, and social-emotional development.
According to Osterman, 2000, what helps students bond with school?
Choice, emphasis on personal improvement, and feeling respected and supported by teachers.
What do the three stages of the EMR model stand for?
Establish, Maintain, and Restore.
According to Duong et al., 2019, what ratio of positive to negative interactions should teachers aim for?
Five positive interactions for every negative one.
How should teachers interpret behavioral errors to encourage better decision-making?
As opportunities to learn, not intentional misconduct.
Who presented eight responses to misbehavior ordered from least to most intrusive?
Emmer and Evertson (2017) and Levin and Nolan (2000).
Which work and year identify Romano and Weinstein’s seven penalty categories?
Elementary classroom management, 2019.
How should teachers escalate penalties when the first option is insufficient?
Begin with the least intrusive option and escalate only if needed.
What can zero-tolerance policies impose for a first rule violation or minor infraction?
Suspension or expulsion for a first violation, or punishment for each minor infraction.
Which source concluded that zero tolerance did not improve school safety or discipline effectiveness?
The American Psychological Association’s Zero Tolerance Task Force, 2008.
What is restorative justice?
An approach to misconduct that repairs relationships and gives victims, offenders, and the community a voice.
How does restorative justice view misconduct and what does it seek to repair?
It views misconduct as harm to the school community and seeks to repair that harm.
In Marvin Marshall’s 2013 distinction, who is responsible for classroom management?
The teacher.
According to Kaufman et al. (2020), what is bullying?
Intentional, repeated harmful behavior using physical or social power to achieve social dominance.
What distinctive reach can cyberbullying have compared with other bullying forms?
It can involve anonymous attacks reaching a vast public audience.
What percentage of grades 4–12 students report verbal bullying?
About 51%.
Which four motivations for bullying did Ken Rigby identify in 2012?
Grievance, enjoyment of pressure or harm, social acceptance or dominance, and obtaining something from the victim.
Why should teachers respond immediately to bullying rather than ignore it?
Students may otherwise believe teachers will not help and avoid reporting incidents.
How should teachers make consequences for bullying effective without humiliating students?
State consequences in advance, escalate them if bullying continues, include reflection, and teach better ways to meet underlying goals.
What bullying outcome did cooperative groups show in Van Ryzin and Roseth’s 2018 study?
Significantly less bullying and victimization.
What tool helps students track incomplete high-school work each day?
A daily planner.
How should teachers respond to incomplete high-school work despite a student's apparent ability?
Enforce established consequences rather than passing the student merely for seeming bright enough.
What should a teacher offer a student during a hostile outburst?
Time to choose cooperation.
During a fight or property destruction, what should staff do first?
Send for help.
Which source presents guidance for potentially explosive classroom situations?
C. S. Weinstein & L. Minkobonsky, Mobile and secondary classroom management: Lessons from research and practice, 2015.
What do people respond to in communication, regardless of the speaker’s intent?
What they think was said or meant.
What does empathetic listening reflect back to the speaker?
The intent and emotions behind their words.
What is an I-message?
A clear, nonaccusatory statement of how something affects the speaker.
Which students, especially, are punished more often and harshly than others?
Black and Latino/a boys.
How much more likely are Black students than White students to receive an office referral or suspension?
Two to three times more likely.
According to Huang (2020), why are Black and Latino/a students punished more severely?
They are punished more severely for minor offenses.
Which offenses illustrate the minor behavior for which Black and Latino/a students face harsher punishment?
Rudeness or defiance.
What does culturally responsive classroom management consider when planning and responding to students?
Students’ cultural meanings and styles.
Which five dimensions define culturally responsive classroom management, according to Sikha et al., 2016; Weinstein et al., 2004?
Examining one’s cultural assumptions, learning students’ backgrounds, understanding teaching contexts, using culturally appropriate strategies, and building caring classrooms.
What is central to culturally responsive classroom management?
High-quality teacher–student relationships.
What do warm demanders combine to help students reach their potential?
High expectations, genuine care, and a disciplined, structured environment.
What should supportive classroom design account for when arranging a room?
Fixed features.
Which electrical resources should supportive classrooms provide convenient outlets for?
Computers, media centers, and tablet charging stations.
Where should private, quiet work areas be located, and how should activities be arranged?
Quiet areas should be away from traffic lanes, with noisy and quiet activities separated.
How long should teachers try a classroom arrangement before evaluating it?
Two weeks.
Which source is cited for first-weeks classroom-management practices?
Emmer & Evertson, 2017.
Which work cycles suit less-prepared secondary students?
Shorter cycles that move smoothly through several tasks.
Which source is associated with the task features that support engagement?
Emmer & Gerwels, 2006.
How does Kounin distinguish a timing error from a target error?
A timing error delays intervention; a target error blames the wrong student.
What does Kounin mean by overlapping?
Supervising several classroom activities at the same time.
Which later outcomes were linked to early positive teacher relationships in Ansari et al., 2020?
Higher GPAs, advanced science enrollment, educational aspirations, social skills, and math and English self-concepts.
Which outcomes are associated with school belonging, according to Allen et al., 2018?
Greater happiness, engagement, attendance, graduation likelihood, self-discipline, and self-efficacy, with lower likelihood of substance abuse, violence, and early sexual activity.
What does a Check & Connect mentor monitor, according to Anderson et al., 2004?
Attendance, behavior, and grades.
How can teachers build individual connections during remote learning with video access?
Exchange introductory videos in which students pronounce their names.
What should a teacher do when a student talks back after a calm stop instruction?
Calmly repeat the instruction.
Which three calm questions does Glasser recommend asking a misbehaving student?
“What are you doing? Is it against the rules? What should you be doing?”
What does an apology of action combine, according to M. J. Elias and Schwab (2006)?
A verbal apology with repairing the harm caused.
Why should teachers avoid using low achievement or grades as discipline, according to Carolyn Orange (2005)?
It is unfair, ineffective, and alienating.
What school benefits do supporters claim zero tolerance promotes?
Safety, clear expectations, rapid responses, equal treatment, real-world rule preparation, reduced drug presence, and parental confidence.
Who described seven principles of restorative justice, and in which year?
Vincent Anfara Jr. and his colleagues, 2013.
What may restorative justice mediation help participants achieve?
Remorse, forgiveness, reconciliation, and an agreement to restore cooperation and prevent future conflict.
Which bullying behaviors should not be tolerated?
Teasing someone less powerful or popular, or using racial, ethnic, impairment, or religious slurs.
When does bullying generally peak in students’ school years?
During middle school.
What percentage of boys are estimated to be chronic bullying victims?
About 12%.
Which student characteristics can increase the risk of being bullied?
Being obese or small, unpopular, an ethnic or language minority, gifted, disabled, or LGBTQ.
According to Reinke & Herman (2002a, 2002b), who is more likely to harm others at school?
Victims are more likely than bullies to kill or injure others in schools.
What should schools address beyond bullying behavior, according to Ken Rigby (2012)?
The motivations underlying bullying.
What did Aber et al. (2003) find about conflict-management strategies for aggressive children?
They helped move children away from a path of aggression and violence.
What student response is associated with positive teacher–student relationships, according to Waasdorp et al. (2019)?
Greater sympathy for bullying victims.
What did Limber et al. (2018) report about the Olweus Bullying Prevention Program?
It had good results in a two-year study of 120 schools in grades 3–11.
Where should teachers seat students who repeatedly break rules?
Away from easily influenced classmates.
How should teachers apply consequences to students who repeatedly break rules?
Consistently.
Which details should teachers record about a recurring student incident?
The student's name, words and actions, date, time, place, and teacher response.
What does the paraphrase rule require listeners to do before responding?
Accurately summarize what the speaker said.
How does empathetic listening keep communication open?
By avoiding premature responses and reflecting the student’s words and emotions.
Which source is attributed the prompt “You feel… because…”?
Nemec et al., 2017.
What does an I-message allow the student to do voluntarily?
Change behavior.
Which conflict process is attributed to Esme Codell, 2001?
A four-step process in which students express dislike, feelings, future wishes, and hear what the other person can do.
Which source explains racial discipline disparities through cultural mismatch and possible implicit bias?
Rudd, 2014.
According to Rudd (2014), what teacher-student factor may explain racial discipline disparities?
A lack of cultural synchronization.
Which schools tend to have harsher discipline policies?
Schools with higher concentrations of Black and poor students.
Which authors and year are associated with successful positive behavioral supports in culturally responsive management?
Long et al., 2019.
Which authors and year are associated with incorporating students’ perspectives into culturally responsive strategies?
Gaias et al., 2019.
How did Black and Latino/a parents view school discipline in Golann et al., 2019?
As a means to ensure safety, order, self-discipline, self-advocacy, and academic rigor.
What can shared expectations and mutual support between families and teachers improve?
The classroom environment and time available for learning.
Answer 66 questions on Bullying and Classroom Communication.
1. A teacher wants students to see the lesson presentation and wants to supervise the room without moving furniture; the current layout also has a crowded central work area. What change best meets these goals?
2. A school is reviewing a classroom before students arrive. Which review best addresses whether the space communicates inclusion and is accessible?
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