What is stimulus control?
A behavior occurs more often in the presence of a specific stimulus because it has been consistently associated with reinforcement of that behavior.
What happens to a previously reinforced behavior during extinction?
It decreases over time when reinforcement stops.
When should extinction be used, and what should accompany it?
Only after environmental changes and incompatible-behavior reinforcement fail, paired with reinforcement for desirable behaviors.
What are four ways to implement extinction?
Ignore the behavior, deny reinforcing access, prevent escape, or prevent reinforcing sensory feedback.
What happens during an extinction burst?
The behavior temporarily increases after its reinforcer is cut off, before beginning to decline.
What ethical condition applies to punishment that causes client pain or harm?
It is unethical.
When should punishment be used, and what should be tried first?
Only as a last resort, after less restrictive interventions.
What must be tried before negative punishment?
Less restrictive interventions.
What defines negative punishment?
Removing something to reduce future behavior.
When should positive punishment follow the targeted behavior?
Swiftly after the behavior.
Which emotional side effect can positive punishment cause?
Increased emotional responses.
Under what plan may positive punishment be used?
A written behavior-change plan.
What must staff receive before positive punishment is used?
Proper training and supervision.
How does Kearney (2015) define positive punishment?
Adding a stimulus or condition to reduce future behavior.
When should punishment be considered for a client’s behavior?
Only when no other option exists and the behavior seriously impedes the client’s health, safety, or future options.
Who must closely supervise punishment use?
A behavior analyst supervisor.
What must happen before punishment is considered, after discomforts are eliminated?
Environmental antecedents must be changed, incompatible-behavior reinforcement must fail, and ignoring non-dangerous behavior must fail to reduce the target behavior.
What effect must a consequence have to qualify as punishment?
It must decrease the future behavior.
If a reprimand increases joking, what is the reprimand functioning as?
Reinforcement.
What gives primary reinforcers their reinforcing value without learning?
Their biological nature.
How do secondary reinforcers acquire reinforcing value?
Through learning and association with other reinforcers, mainly primary ones.
What does negative reinforcement do to increase a specific behavior?
It removes an aversive stimulus.
Why is giving Jody a sticker after each completed math problem positive reinforcement?
The sticker increases the likelihood that she will complete math problems in the future.
Answer 18 questions on Principles of Behavior.
1. A student raises a hand more frequently when a particular teacher is present, after hand-raising has repeatedly been reinforced in that teacher’s presence. What does this pattern illustrate?
2. A child’s requests for a toy previously led to receiving it, but caregivers stop providing the toy after those requests. If the requests decrease over time, what process is occurring?
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